He wants to bring in the proposal by 2012/2013 - but the European Commission says it is discriminatory and illegal.
"The Fifa congress has merely backed Blatter to explore the idea - nothing more than that," said BBC sports editor Mihir Bose.
"The vote was about a wish list and does not represent any rule change."
Bose added: "There is no timescale on it either, so there is no knowing if and when this wish list would actually become a reality.
"This vote is exactly what Blatter told me he would do last week in Moscow, following a meeting with the Uefa executive.
 | 606: DEBATE BBC Sport's Phil McNulty |
Speaking after the vote, which took place at the Fifa Congress in Sydney, Blatter declared: "The congress was very happy in a result of overwhelming majority, with 155 votes in favour and five against. 155 yes and five no.
"It is an overwhelming support to this resolution.
"The Fifa president has asked, together with the Uefa president (Michel Platini), to explore - and explore is not to discuss, it's to go in depth - within the limits of the law."
Blatter has a meeting with the EU on 5 June and he added: "Speaking about it is illegal? For whom? For when? If there is a law, a law can be amended."
But the Commission believes a quota on foreign footballers would be incompatible with European Union law which allows workers to move freely between member countries.
John McDonald is a spokesman for the European Commissioner for Sport and he told BBC Radio 5 Live he does not expect Blatter's ambitions to succeed on this front.
"It is a non-starter as far as we are concerned," he said.
"Interestingly the wording that Mr Blatter mentioned this morning at his press conference was that the resolution of Fifa is to explore within the limits of the law the six plus five rule.
"And they can explore as much as they like but unfortunately a six plus five rule is against Community legislation."
Blatter wants to restrict the number of foreign players in teams by the start in the 2010/11 season, with a minimum of four home-grown players.
He added he expects it to grow to six, with a maximum of five foreigners, by 2012/13 - and claims the plan has the backing of key European delegates.
In contrast, the "home-grown players" rule, which is set to be expanded from next season, has received EU backing.
That means four players in a Champions League or Uefa Cup squad must have been developed by the club, with another four having been produced by clubs from the same federation.
To be eligible, a player of any nationality must have been developed by the club for three years between the ages of 15 and 21.
Jan Figel, EU Commissioner for Education, Training and Youth, said Uefa's proposals did not discriminate against nationality and encouraged clubs to develop their academies.
"Measures which require the top European clubs to preserve quality training structures seem to me to be necessary," said Figel.
"The Uefa rule thus avoids the risk of professional football clubs abandoning training structures."
FA chief executive Brian Barwick is unconvinced by Blatter's strategy and he said: "It's about balance.
"We still believe in the meritocracy of players in the team on performance and on ability first and foremost."